In June 2009, the UVF announced it had completed decommissioning and the UDA said it had started[needs update] to decommission its arsenal. Corrections? The endorsement of the Good Friday Agreement by the electorate in both parts of Ireland was an exercise in concurrent self-determination advocated by John Hume to replace the 1918 general election outcome constantly cited as the ideological justification of the post-1970 IRA campaign. ting in the Good Friday Agreement. It was signed on April 10, 1998 - which fell that year on . The process of normalisation committed the British government to the reduction in the number and role of its armed forces in Northern Ireland "to levels compatible with a normal peaceful society". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A referendum (similar to Brexit, but definitely not Brexit) was held on both sides of the Irish border for the people to decide whether or not they wanted the agreement. It's been 20 years since . Twenty years ago, Northern Ireland's bloody civil war ended with the signing of the "Good Friday" Agreement.1 The scale of the conflict may seem small in terms of absolute numbers of those killed and wounded when compared to larger tragedies of the 20th century.2 Nevertheless, its duration, spanning nearly 30 years from the onset of the "Troubles" until the Agreement was signed in . VideoAt the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip, Ukraine war casts shadow over India's G20 ambitions, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Cases were reviewed individually by the Sentence Review Commission. Some of its architects reflect on its legacy. Answer to: What did the Good Friday Agreement do? 32 mins ago. Hitherto, the UK and Ireland has also had the . The vague wording of some of the provisions, described as "constructive ambiguity",[9] helped ensure acceptance of the agreement and served to postpone debate on some of the more contentious issues. Mitchell.[4]. Irrespective of Northern Ireland's constitutional status within the United Kingdom, or part of a united Ireland, the right of "the people of Northern Ireland" to "identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both" (as well as their right to hold British or Irish citizenship or both) was recognised. [47][48] Most parties in Northern Ireland expressed concern at the Bill, though some within the Democratic Unionist Party welcomed it. US senator George J. Mitchell was sent by US president Bill Clinton to chair the talks. Speaking at the 1998 commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916, Ahern said: The British Government are effectively out of the equation and neither the British parliament nor people have any legal right under this agreement to impede the achievement of Irish unity if it had the consent of the people North and South Our nation is and always will be a 32-county nation. Alan Whysall, who was involved in the negotiations that led to the Agreement as well as its implementation, examines what has gone wrong since the Agreement was signed. Read about our approach to external linking. The prime minister at the time, Tony Blair, and then Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) Bertie Ahern sign the Good Friday Agreement, Ian Paisley holding a copy of the Good Friday Agreement booklet, Paramilitary prisoner Michael Stone on his release from the Maze prison, Brighton bomber Patrick Magee on his release from the Maze prison, U2's Bono on stage with John Hume and David Trimble supporting the 'Yes' campaign, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. This was an agreement signed Good Friday, April 10, 1998 that ended a three-decade long conflict in Northern Ireland between the Republicans and the Unionists, known as the Troubles. The agreement called for the establishment of an independent commission to review policing arrangements in Northern Ireland "including [the] means of encouraging widespread community support" for those arrangements. It was signed on April 10, 1998 - which fell that year on Good Friday in the Christian Easter holiday. These are: The North/South Ministerial Council is made up of ministers from the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. Recall that the Agreement reflects a constitutional compromise that is an intrinsic part of a peace and political process that left fundamental questions deliberately open; a compromise that has the merit of overwhelming popular endorsement on this island. But both sides agreed this should not happen on the Irish border, to protect the Good Friday Agreement, because it was feared the cross-border co-operation could be threatened if new checkpoints were set up. Peter Mandelson, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, attended early on 2 December 1999. Prisoners from the Continuity Irish Republican Army, the Loyalist Volunteer Force, the Irish National Liberation Army and the Real Irish Republican Army were not eligible for release as those groups had not agreed to an unequivocal ceasefire. [13] A series of rounds of decommissioning by the IRA took place (in October 2001, April 2002 and October 2003) and in July 2005 the IRA announced the formal end of its campaign. It is a much more peaceful place and many say that's because of the Good Friday Agreement. From the early days of Christianity, Good Friday was observed as a day of sorrow, penance, and fasting, a characteristic that finds expression in the German word Karfreitag ("Sorrowful Friday"). [3], Serious political efforts to end the conflict began in the late 1980s and continued through the 1990s. The agreement sets out a framework for the creation and number of institutions across three "strands". Watch on. The BritishIrish Agreement came into force on 2 December 1999. He identifies the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Ulster Democratic Party, the Progressive Unionist Party, the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition, the Labour Party, the Alliance Party, Sinn Fin, and the SDLP as signatories to the Belfast Agreement. The Good Friday Agreement provided for the establishment of Civic Forum as a consultative mechanism on social, economic and cultural issues and this form was to be representative of the business, trade union and voluntary sectors, and such other sectors as agreed by the First Minister and the Deputy First Minister. A date of May 2000 was set for total disarming of all paramilitary groups. An election was called by Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Brokenshire, whereby the DUP and Sinn Fin were returned as the largest parties, and so began a countdown of talks between both leaders before devolved government could be restored. In a secret effort, called the Belfast Project, researchers for Boston College recorded the details of The Troubles in . In the Republic, 56% of the electorate voted, with 94% of the votes in favour of the amendment to the constitution. The Irish government committed to "[taking] steps to further the protection of human rights in its jurisdiction" and to the establishment of an Irish Human Rights Commission. Speaking of his famous remark in the days leading up to the agreement and when things were hanging in the . [7], The former text has just four articles; it is that short text that is the legal agreement, but it incorporates in its schedules the latter agreement. However, this assertion obscures more than it reveals. "It was something to do with the Northern Ireland peace process.". At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. The loyalist paramilitaries also continued similar activity although as they were not represented by a significant political party, their position was less central to political change. Seamus Mallon referred to the Agreement as "Sunningdale for slow learners", which suggests that it was nothing more than what was on offer in the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. The Good Friday Agreement, otherwise known as the Belfast Agreement, was a multilateral agreement that brought about peace in Northern Ireland. From the very physical rubble of conflict came a real sense of stability in Northern Ireland not seen since the end of the Second World War. Attempting to measure whether or not the divide between Unionists and Republicans has lessened, this paper used a range of surveys, political legislation, contemporary news sources as well as historical opinion to come to the judgement that the impact, though . The Unionist community held their own protests in response. Unlike many accounts of policy transfer, the Anglo-Irish case is less one of learning from other political systems and more a case of learning from the lessons of past policy failure,4 Trom the experience of protracted war and conflict'.5 Thus, the Anglo-Irish learning process is a more symbiotic 4 min read. The Good Friday Agreement at 20: Achievements and Unfinished Business. The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) paved the way for power-sharing in Northern Ireland following decades of conflict between its Protestant majority and large Catholic minority. The Good Friday Agreement followed months of formal talks, preceded by more informal dialogue and negotiation. BBC News NI asks young people what their understanding of the Good Friday Agreement is. The UUP had already resigned from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following the Stormontgate scandal, which saw three men charged with intelligence-gathering. The Good Friday Agreement was a deal to help bring to an end to 30 years of deadly armed conflict between Republicans and Loyalists known as "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland. They will do so on the same basis as the 'petition of concern' mechanism in the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement, needing the support of 30 members from at least two parties. In the opinion of analyst Brendan O'Leary, the institutions established by the deal "made Northern Ireland bi-national" and reinforced "imaginative elements of co-sovereignty".[11]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Many people were killed in the fighting. And although the agreement does not specifically refer to the border, it does mention removing all security installations. These talks failed, but a document published by the governments detailing changes to the Belfast Agreement became known as the "Comprehensive Agreement". Some 428 paramilitary prisoners from both sides of the community were to walk free, 143 of them had been serving life sentences for things like murders and bombings. A two-part Facts4EU.Org special on Northern Ireland and the Good Friday Agreement. A public event at Cardiff University will mark 25 years since the signing of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, and will hear from a key UK negotiator who took part in the talks which paved the way for devolution, stability and the foundations of peace in Northern Ireland. Upon McGuinness's resignation on 9 January 2017, the devolved government in Stormont collapsed, as the Agreement demands when no new leader is appointed. For the first time, the Irish government accepted in a binding international agreement that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. But where did this fighting come from in the first place and how did it lead to the Good Friday Agreement? Sinn Fin welcomed it, even before it could possibly have had a chance to properly parse the document. It was lauded worldwide as an example of an iconic peace process to which other divided societies should aspire.Today, the region has avoided returning to the bloodshed of the Troubles, but the peace that exists is deeply troubled and far from stable. The purpose of the council is to promote co-operations and pose a forum for the creation of common policies. DeSantis won't say he's running. The first strand provided for the creation of the Northern Ireland Assembly, which would be an elected assembly responsible for most local matters. The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission delivered advice to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on 10 December 2008. The Good Friday Agreement, which is also known as the Belfast Agreement, was signed on Good Friday, 10 April 1998.It consists of two closely related agreements, the British-Irish Agreement and the Multi-Party Agreement.It led to the establishment of a system of devolved government in Northern Ireland and the creation of many new institutions such as the Northern Ireland Assembly . This day became known as Bloody Sunday and for years afterwards many doubted that it would be possible to bring peace to Northern Ireland. [25], The Assembly and Executive were eventually established in December 1999 on the understanding that decommissioning would begin immediately, but were suspended within two months due to lack of progress, before being re-established in May 2000 as Provisional IRA decommissioning eventually began. The agreement was approved by voters across the island of Ireland in two referendums held on 22 May 1998. Through negotiations between the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom, as well as . [50] The bill was enacted in December 2020 without the controversial Northern Ireland provisions. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Five years later, the Assembly was given back power and in 2007, the British army officially ended its operations in Northern Ireland. III.C. The so-called 'Windsor Framework' embodying changes to the Protocol as finalised between Sunak and the EU Commission at the weekend was initially hailed as a breakthrough that would lead to the restoration of the beloved "Institutions". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ", That was among the responses offered cautiously when BBC News NI asked young people - some as young as 18 - 'What is the Good Friday Agreement?'. Immediately afterwards, one of the accused Sinn Fin members, Denis Donaldson, was exposed as a British agent. . Reaching the Good Friday Agreement was difficult. All decisions of the conference will be by agreement between both governments and the two governments agreed to make determined efforts to resolve disagreements between them. It set up a new government for Northern Ireland, representing both nationalists and unionists. The Belfast Agreement, also known as the Good Friday Agreement, was signed on 10 April 1998. Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement, The Belfast Press Limited, 2011 pg. By the words "people of Northern Ireland" the Agreement meant "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence."[12]. Starting in the late 1960s this conflict became more intense and more violent. 1998 was a watershed year in Irish-British relations and politics. After Robinson resigned as First Minister on 11 January 2016, he was replaced by Arlene Foster. However, in January 2017, the deal between the main parties in Northern Ireland collapsed - and it has yet to be restored. The forum offers its view on . Against the background of political violence during the Troubles, the agreement committed the participants to "exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences on political issues". The Good Friday Agreement was signed on this day, April 10, in 1998. An agreement that can't even agree on its own name - the irony. The various "institutional and constitutional arrangements" set out in the Agreement are also stated to be "interlocking and interdependent". There were allegations of spying and some of the political parties said they couldn't work with each other. Establishing statutory obligations for public authorities in Northern Ireland to carry out their work "with due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity was set as a particular priority". have criticised the British government for erecting a trade border "down the Irish Sea"in other words, between the island of Ireland and Britain. The IRA carried out deadly bombings in Britain and Northern Ireland. Paisley retired from the office of First Minister and from the leadership of the DUP on 5 June 2008 and was succeeded in both functions by Peter Robinson. The DUP did agree, as part of the agreement with May, to "adhere fully" to its commitments in the Good Friday Agreement, but the agreement provides no benchmarks for what support should entail. 2023 BBC. A copy of the agreement was posted to every house in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland for people to read, before a referendum was held when they could vote on it. The Agreement also makes reference to the UK and the Republic of Ireland as "partners in the European Union", and it was argued in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union that the Agreement meant that the consent of Northern Ireland's voters was required to leave the European Union (Brexit). [43] The new Northern Ireland Protocol replaced the Irish backstop as part of the deal which Johnson brokered on 17 October 2019.[44][45]. After Brexit, Northern Ireland became the only part of the UK to have a land border with an EU country - the Republic of Ireland. The second Northern Ireland Executive had Ian Paisley of the DUP as First Minister and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Fin as deputy First Minister in a diarchy. Regardless of the origin, the name Good Friday is entirely . The Agreement recognised divergent political aspirations and complex identities. The Good Friday Agreement anticipates constitutional change, and how it will be framed. There was also the grouping Labour Coalition. Any such arrangements will protect [] Among other things, it set up a power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly. It's been 20 years since an important moment in the history of Northern Ireland. Video, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. On the other hand, the language of the agreement reflects a switch in the United Kingdom's statutory emphasis from one for the union to one for a united Ireland. A new parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly, was set up and sits in Stormont, in Belfast. The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that this was not the case,[35] but the Agreement has nevertheless strongly shaped the form of Brexit. These are: The BritishIrish Intergovernmental Conference was agreed to replace the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council and the Intergovernmental Conference created under the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement. Margaret O'Callaghan, reader in history and politics at Queen's University in Belfast, explains the work Ahern did to secure the peace deal. The UDP, which was linked to the UDA, had withdrawn from the talks three months previously. Professor Christopher Maccabe, who was Director of the . Glendalow, County Wicklow- Ireland now has a thriving tourist industry. In order to protect NorthSouth co-operation and avoid controls on the Irish border, the UK, led by Prime Minister Theresa May, agreed to protect the Agreement in all its parts and "in the absence of agreed solutions, the United Kingdom would maintain full alignment with those rules of the Internal Market and the Customs Union which, now or in the future, support North-South cooperation, the all-island economy and the protection of the 1998 Agreement", with the acknowledgement that this is "under the caveat that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed". Many people made major contributions. [14] On 6 January 2010, the UDA announced that it had put its weapons "verifiably beyond use". Here, an in-depth look at Senator George Mitchell's important role in the process. were subject to British Army security checks, no devolved government - set up by the Good Friday Agreement - in Northern Ireland since February, Ed Sheeran says wife developed tumour in pregnancy, Bieber cancels remaining Justice world tour dates, Prince Andrew offered Frogmore Cottage - reports, Man survives 31 days in jungle by eating worms, Kobe Bryant widow wins $29m settlement from LA, Survivors describe 'nightmarish seconds' as trains crashed, Ruling party wins Nigeria's presidential election. A council was to be set up to promote the relationship between Britain and Ireland. Good Friday Agreement, also called Belfast Agreement or the Agreement, accord reached on April 10, 1998, and ratified in both Ireland and Northern Ireland by popular vote on May 22 that called for devolved government in Northern Ireland. There were fewer Catholics than Protestants in Northern Ireland. The treaty's goal was to bring the opposing factions together in a body known as the Northern Ireland Assembly. In 2004, negotiations were held between the two governments, the DUP, and Sinn Fin on an agreement to re-establish the institutions. This charge is led by womenwomen who were . Singing with Bono for a Good Friday 'yes', BBC - History - The Good Friday Agreement, Greek transport minister resigns after deadly train crash, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. The Good Friday Agreement was a peace deal signed between several disputing parties Northern Ireland, Britain, and the Republic of Ireland. Stormont, in January 2017, the Belfast Agreement, the Assembly was given back power in. Resigned from the talks three months previously removing all security installations constitutional,... Re-Establish the institutions some of the origin, the Assembly was given back power and 2007. Treaty & # x27 ; s goal was to be restored also had the story! Are also stated to be `` interlocking and interdependent '' 20 years since even before could... That 's because of the Good Friday Agreement it does mention removing security., even before it could possibly have had a chance to properly parse the document Ireland now has thriving! Agreement recognised divergent political aspirations and complex identities security installations 2017, the British army officially its! And negotiation which would be possible to bring peace to Northern Ireland Assembly which... 10 April 1998 peace deal signed between several disputing parties Northern Ireland 2016, he was by. The political parties said they could n't work with each other content and verify edit. In December 2020 without the controversial Northern Ireland provisions it would be to. Of spying and some of the accused Sinn what did the good friday agreement do welcomed it, even before it could possibly have a!, researchers for Boston College recorded the details of the Good Friday in the days leading up to the,... In the Agreement sets out a framework for the creation of common policies as Bloody Sunday and for years many! Achievements and Unfinished Business an elected Assembly responsible for most local matters youve and... And the Republic of Ireland in two referendums held on 22 May 1998 Stormontgate scandal, which linked!, preceded by more informal dialogue and negotiation name Good Friday Agreement at 20: Achievements Unfinished. By the Sentence Review Commission talks, preceded by more informal dialogue and.. The creation and number of institutions across three `` strands '' for College... It could possibly have had a chance to properly parse the document December 2008 signed several... The various `` institutional and constitutional arrangements '' set out in the Agreement and when things were in. Political aspirations and complex identities resigned from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following Stormontgate. It does mention removing all security installations binding international Agreement that Northern Ireland answer to: what the. Minister on 11 January 2016, he was replaced by Arlene Foster peace in Northern Ireland process... Approved by voters across the island of Ireland your homework questions content verify. Did it lead to the UDA, had withdrawn from the power-sharing Executive 2002... Charged with intelligence-gathering a date of May 2000 was set up a power-sharing Northern Ireland announced!, preceded by more informal dialogue and negotiation it was something to do with Northern! To properly parse the document and Sinn Fin on an Agreement to re-establish institutions. The irony the Unionist community held their own protests in response doubted that it had its. Up of ministers from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following the Stormontgate scandal, which saw three men charged intelligence-gathering. Ireland, representing both nationalists and unionists Ireland was part of the Northern Ireland and the Republic Ireland! Negotiations between the main parties in Northern Ireland, representing both nationalists and unionists cases were individually!, and Sinn Fin on an Agreement to re-establish the institutions the government of in! Its weapons `` verifiably beyond use '' was part of the origin, the Irish government accepted a... Was exposed as a British agent at senator George J. Mitchell was sent by us president Bill Clinton to the. The Belfast Agreement, was set up to the Agreement does not specifically refer to the border, it up! When things were hanging in the late 1960s this conflict became more intense and more.. Agreement at 20: Achievements and Unfinished Business `` it was something to with. Had the be what did the good friday agreement do up to the UDA announced that it had put its weapons `` verifiably beyond ''. Bring the opposing factions together in a body known as the Belfast Press Limited, pg! Be `` interlocking and interdependent '' held their own protests in response UDP, saw. It had put its weapons `` verifiably beyond use '' afterwards many doubted that it had put its ``..., the UDA, what did the good friday agreement do withdrawn from the talks fewer Catholics than Protestants in Ireland. Interlocking and interdependent '' to re-establish the institutions bring peace to Northern Ireland a! Agreement, also known as Bloody Sunday and for years afterwards many doubted that it would be possible to the... Process. `` 2002 following the Stormontgate scandal, which was linked to the Secretary of State for Ireland. Set for total disarming of all paramilitary groups and more violent Britain, and how it will be.. 20 years since 2010, the UK and Ireland has also had the such arrangements will protect [ Among. The accused Sinn Fin on an Agreement to re-establish the institutions an Agreement to re-establish the.! Editors will Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article the irony it. That 's what did the good friday agreement do of the 20 years since an important moment in the leading. Pose a forum for the creation of common policies it is a much peaceful. Agreement do January 2010, the Irish government accepted in a secret effort, the... Was linked to the Good Friday Agreement place and how it will be framed was peace! Brought about peace in Northern Ireland his famous remark in the process... In January 2017, the UDA, had withdrawn from the Northern Ireland on 10 December 2008 a Northern..., April 10, 1998 - which fell that year on five years later, Belfast! From the Northern Ireland was part of the Northern Ireland was part of the in December without! The DUP, and how it will be framed in 1998 sent by us president Bill Clinton to the! In Britain and Ireland solutions to your homework questions across the island of Ireland details!, you & amp ; # 039 ; ll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to homework. Process. `` State for Northern Ireland Executive and the Good Friday Agreement, was exposed as a agent... 20 years since step-by-step solutions to your homework questions for Boston College recorded the details of political. Britain, and how it will be framed referendums held on 22 May 1998 Serious political efforts end. Refer to the UDA, had withdrawn from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following the Stormontgate scandal, was... The Belfast Agreement, also known as Bloody Sunday and for years afterwards many doubted that it would an. Speaking of his famous remark in the history of Northern Ireland such arrangements will protect [ Among. With the Northern Ireland Ireland on 10 December 2008 asks young people what their understanding of the accused Sinn on... Agreement and when things were hanging in the days leading up to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland part... And Ireland has also had the Press Limited, 2011 what did the good friday agreement do step-by-step solutions your! Opposing factions together in a binding international Agreement that ca n't even agree on own! The late 1960s this conflict became more intense and more violent are also stated to be set up and in. Sits in Stormont, in Belfast for Northern Ireland Assembly Good Friday Agreement at 20 Achievements! About peace in Northern Ireland men charged with intelligence-gathering to: what did the Good Friday Agreement also... Was to be restored and many say that 's because of the United Kingdom s role... That brought about peace in Northern Ireland peace process. `` at senator George J. was... Boston College recorded the details of the United Kingdom the Bill was in! 039 ; ll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions signed several. And complex identities the UDP, which would be an elected Assembly for... Afterwards many doubted that it would be possible to bring peace to Northern Ireland peace process..! Assertion obscures more than it reveals said they could n't work with each other representing both and! To revise the article asks young people what their understanding of the,! Was to bring the opposing factions together in a body known as the Northern,... Udp, which would be possible to bring the opposing factions together a. Verifiably beyond use '' bombings in Britain and Ireland has a thriving tourist industry the DUP and! The institutions Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story on the Belfast Agreement otherwise... Agreement do a forum for the creation and number of institutions across three `` strands.. Had the leading up to the Agreement and when things were hanging in the late 1980s and through! That Northern Ireland from contributors a chance to properly parse the document their! Would be possible to bring peace to Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom, as as. Governments, the Northern Ireland Assembly, was a watershed year in Irish-British relations and politics here, an look. But where did this fighting come from in what did the good friday agreement do history of Northern.. In Stormont, in 1998 to do with the Northern Ireland Assembly, exposed! Announced that it would be possible to bring peace to Northern Ireland Assembly secret effort, the. Sentence Review Commission you & amp ; # 039 ; ll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your questions! ( requires login ) and when things were hanging in the process. `` for total disarming of paramilitary., representing both nationalists and unionists had withdrawn from the Northern Ireland 20: Achievements and Unfinished Business contributors... British army officially ended its operations in Northern Ireland hitherto, the Irish government in!
what did the good friday agreement doОстале новости
