Or select the recommended agencies below: Not sure which one to send? Foreign Currency Exchange Rate. Use Ask Statista Research Service, U.S. gross domestic product contributions 2000-2021, by sector, U.S. Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) 2021-2023, U.S. monthly change in the manufacturing sector employment 2021-2023, U.S. monthly Producer Price Index for finished goods 2021-2023. Before I answer this question, let me briefly explain that SFZ and CFZ are governed by R.A. 7227 as amended by R.A. 9400, while PEZA is under R.A. 7916. PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC ZONE AUTHORITY. Tracking no: #PEZA-679557603750, Requested from PEZA by N. Villalobos at 09:16 AM on To date, the fully-occupied CEZ has around 426 companies. of administrative personnel product line affected; what will happened to the workers assigned in this specific product line. Chat with an outsourcing expert today! Purpose: Marketing In PEZA MC No. October 14, 2020. Of course, the amendment would also extend the statute of limitations for the BIR to audit the return, so this must also be considered against the potential tax savings. 9. Purpose: Thesis After company registration with PEZA, sometimes it is inevitable that these companies with registered activities with PEZA close shop. Letter request stating reason/s effectivity date, 2. You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), formerly known as Export Processing Zone Authority (EPZA), is a government agency in the Philippines attached to the Department of Trade and Industry created to help promote investments in the export-oriented manufacturing industry into the country by assisting investors in registering and facilitating their business operations and providing tax . Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 60m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. OA's Zoom room is open! Enterprises located inside the zones are required to export 100% of their production. Tracking no: #PEZA-051677625787, Requested from PEZA by C. Carreon at 07:35 PM on Tracking no: #PEZA-711622487992, Requested from PEZA by W. Apuya at 02:33 PM on February 09, 2023. The most notable 40 BPO companies in the Philippines, Coronavirus & BPO Outsourcing: What You Need To Know, Philippines: the top outsourcing destination. Date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 12/31/2022 South Harbor, Port Area, Manila, Customs Memorandum Circular (CMC) 2018 and older, Philippine Trade Facilitation Committee (PTFC) Roadmap, R.A.10863 Customs Modernization and Tariff Act, Environmental and Social Management Framework, Guide to Understanding the Reference Values. Purpose: Thesis There has been an ongoing debate as to which expenses can be deducted under the 5% GIT regime. Purpose: Research Paper Date of Coverage: 10/01/2020 - 10/21/2020 Clearance from SSS stating that the company is up-to-date in remittingpremiums of its employees. Further, taxpayers who took the more conservative position of claiming deductions based on the enumeration can amend their previously filed income tax returns to deduct the other direct costs. Purpose: Marketing Campaign and Sales Lead Generation Date of Coverage: 01/01/2018 - 08/18/2020 Tracking no: #PEZA-739209075803. After that, they are subject to 5% tax on gross income (sales less direct costs) in lieu of all local and national taxes. 11-05 arenon-exclusive(G.R. PEZA is also the Philippine government agency tasked to extend assistance, register, grant incentives to and facilitate the business operations of investors in export-oriented manufacturing and service facilities inside selected areas throughout the country proclaimed by the President of the Philippines as PEZA Special Economic Zones. Rosa, Laguna Philippines Certificate from DOLE, NLRC, NCMB stating that the company has no pending case(s) filed by its workers. of administrative personnel . Finally clarified: PEZA deductible expenses, PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Services Philippines (BSP). January 30, 2023. Date of Coverage: 11/09/2022 - 11/19/2022 However, implementing a permanent hybrid work scheme was questioned by other organizations, specifically the Fiscal Incentives Review Board (FIRB). If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Date of Coverage: 11/02/2020 - 11/30/2020 February 07, 2023. Additional Deductions from Taxable Income. Derek Gallimore has been in business for 20 years, outsourcing for over eight years, and has been living in Manila (the heart of global outsourcing) since 2014. In, ASEAN. Come chat with our outsourcing expert now. The economic zone is located in Rosario and General Trias City, 30 kilometers south of Metro Manila. They wont need to relocate elsewhere to find a job since its already in their area. Date of Coverage: 01/01/2022 - 12/31/2022 October 21, 2020. In the case of PEZA-registered entities, the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) issued two Revenue Regulations in 2005 (RR Nos. Updated General Information Sheet and company profile; the company or trade profile in case of sole proprietors or individuals, b. Tracking no: #PEZA-172896735993, Requested from PEZA by M. Layson at 08:36 PM on Generally, PEZA follows a 7-step registration process: Submit application documents for pre-screening. Updated General Information Sheet and company profile in case of corporations; the company or trade profile in case of cooperatives, partnership and sole proprietors b. Information Technology companies are attended to by Head Office. Purpose: This is for Research and verification List of PEZA-registered Companies of 2020 Requested from PEZA by N. de Leon at 01:08 PM on October 26, 2020. February 17, 2023. Mayors Permit and Proof of lawful occupancy of office. Learn more about the Philippine government, its structure, how government works and the people behind it. There are also 139 ecozones under development with 99 of them being IT parks and centers. The saying goes that it is easier to create or form a company but it is harder to close a company is true. Date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 12/31/2022 October 27, 2020. 2-05. park 24-7 intouch ph 24-hour hr process outsourcing, inc. 24/7 customer philippines, inc. philamlife i.t. Tracking no: #PEZA-860654660165, Requested from PEZA by S. Lopez at 05:17 PM on To continue, select the name of the government agency you would like to request information from. Enterprises that are registered with the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA) or Subic Bay Freeport Zone, are also subject to the special 5% tax and cannot avail of tax holidays. Surell 07:16 PM, Jan 17, 2022 Outsource Accelerator offers the worlds leading aggregator marketplace for outsourcing. The SCIT is similar to the 5% gross income tax (GIT) under the previous incentive regime, which is computed based on the registered enterprises gross income. BIR tax certification of no tax liabilities. The Baguio City Economic Zone is one of the three ecozones in the famous tourist destination, aside from John Hay Economic Zone and the SM Cyberpark. tower e-square i.t. Despite the update on the regulations, during tax audits, BIR examiners still disallow certain direct expenses that are not included in the enumerated list, following the exclusivity position of RR No. Purpose: Research Tracking no: #PEZA-999549663947, Requested from PEZA by M. Tabao at 02:18 PM on Purpose: Architectural Thesis As such, different IT Parks and buildings in the Philippines are constructed for this. 10 Jun 2021. Show Complete List of Companies # 1 123 TEN, INC. 2 1902 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 3 21CENTURY CORPORATION 4 24-7 INTOUCH PH 5 24-HOUR HR PROCESS OUTSOURCING, INC. 6 24/7 CARD PHILIPPINES, INC. 7 24/7 CUSTOMER PHILIPPINES, INC. 8 360TRAINING.COM INC. 9 3H INTERNATIONAL, INC. 10 3M PHILIPPINES (EXPORT), INC. - WAREHOUSING DIVISION 11 Companies registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) may be entitled to income tax holidays of four, six, or eight years. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. As support information relative to the effect of covid 19 pandemics in PH . Date of Coverage: 01/01/2010 - 11/13/2020 On March 2, 2021, the Supreme Court handed down its decision on Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. East Asia Utilities Corp. (G.R. Indeed, there is reason to harmonize the rules in favor of the ecozone entities. Tracking no: #PEZA-455795633926, Requested from PEZA by B. Register through our Electronic Application for Registration System (eARS), Click here to avail yourselves of our reliable online services, Numerous tax incentives that saves you a lot of money, Efficient registration system all in one office, Transparent procedures; no graft and corruption, No red-tape and lengthy paperwork procedures, A support service even after setting up business, Mr. Tereso O. Panga has been designated as the, SPECIAL NON-IMMIGRANT VISAS WITH MULTIPLE ENTRY PRIVELEGES, Deputy Director General for Policy and Planning Tereso O. Panga. Purpose: Research and analysis Purpose: College research purposes Date of Coverage: 11/09/2022 - 11/19/2022 Tracking no: #PEZA-860654660165 PENDING Employees of PEZA locators in Pampanga Requested from PEZA by S. Lopez at 05:17 PM on January 30, 2023. Purpose: Architectural Thesis Tracking no: #PEZA-936122548212, Requested from PEZA by R. Lagrada at 12:38 AM on Date of Coverage: 02/07/2022 - 02/07/2023 No. If any, Parent companys latest volume and value of sales, net income, total assets, and number of employees, if applicable, Outsourcing industry absolutely booming, Outsourcing industry recovery could be starting, survey indicates, Doom or boom faces the IT-BPM industry (part 2), The Chinese Antidote to a Covid-battered Philippines, Philippines' back-to-office order unsettles call centers, BPO industry in Philippines seen benefitting as firms abroad cut costs due to pandemic. Updated PEZA registration c. Mayors Permit and Proof of lawful occupancy of office 632-8705-6000 OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER G/F OCOM Building, 16th Street RR No. Date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 12/04/2020 It specifically provides the conduit between world-leading outsourcing suppliers and the businesses clients across the globe. The agency will start its rebranding by April 30. Unit 1210 Highstreet South Corporate Plaza Tower 2. Purchases made by BOI- and PEZA-registered enterprises that relate to their registered activities. 2nd Floor Unit 210-211 Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy. An enterprise must register with PEZA and locate their operation in one of thePEZA zones, buildings, IT Parks, or Technology Parks to obtain tax breaks and incentives offered by PEZA. The graph shows the number of manufacturing companies in Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) registered zones in the Philippines from 1990 to 2016. Tracking no: #PEZA-703555647021, Requested from PEZA by K. Bermudo at 02:36 PM on Founded in 1980, Cavite Economic Zone was developed in five phases, which consist mostly of industrial power plants and sewerage facilities. Companies registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) may be entitled to income tax holidays of four, six, or eight years. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 11/24/2020 Tracking no: #PEZA-812579647881, Requested from PEZA by E. Pelayo at 03:21 PM on Purpose: Research and development February 17, 2023. However, the information technology business process outsourcing (IT-BPO) industry is not the only one on the governments agenda for development. Browse over 546 Paste anywhere to share anywhere. For easy reference, below is the list of reporting requirements and deadlines set by the PEZA Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR): Types of reports. Aside from the alignment of the tax incentives, the law still allows qualified enterprises to avail of the Income Tax Holiday (ITH) and a Special Corporate Income Tax (SCIT) rate of 5% after the ITH period. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information Under the implementing rules of R.A. 9400, which were issued by the Department of Finance (DoF) in February 2008, enterprises registered with SFZ and CFZ canonly claim those expensesthat are enumerated in the list as deductions in computing the 5% GIT incentive. In addition, companies must submit sets of Documentary, General and Technical, and Financial Requirements. Wait for receipt of Board Resolution. Based on the latest Tholons 2019 Report, Manila still places at the 2nd spot in the Top 100 Super Cities, next to Bangalore. Industries most often affected by government incentives in country Technology, Media & Telecom Financial Services Date of Coverage: 02/17/2023 - 02/17/2023 Submit the duly accomplished application form along with other required documents. Total No. Tracking no: #PEZA-003755300999, Requested from PEZA by Y. LACANLALE at 02:51 PM on Unfortunately, while the BIR has updated its rule on the non-exclusivity of deductible expenses for PEZA, the DoF has not changed its position for SFZ and CFZ enterprises. Economic Zone Monthly Performance Report (EZMPR) (All Locators are required except for Developers/Operators, Facilities, and Utility enterprises) Every 20 th day of the following month. Php 55.822. TYPE OF # ENTERPRISE NAME NATIONALITY ZONE LOCATION ENTERPRISE 1 123 TEN, INC. [formerly: THE 52.76% - American; 21.11% I.T. ASEAN. All Industrial Economic Zones are manned by a PEZA officer and staff to immediately attend to stakeholders needs and concerns. Date of Coverage: 02/08/2023 - 02/08/2023 Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/900981/philippines-manufacturing-companies-in-peza-registered-zones/, Number of manufacturing companies in PEZA registered zones in the Philippines from 1990 to 2016, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Real value added U.S. GDP, by industry 2021, U.S. monthly Industrial Production Index 2021-2023, U.S. manufacturing Employment Index 2021-2023, U.S. monthly industrial capacity index 2021-2023, U.S. manufacturing Supplier Deliveries Index January 2023, U.S. manufacturing sector real hourly compensation quarterly change 2020-2022, U.S. manufacturing sector unit labor costs quarterly change 2020-2022, U.S. employment projection for manufacturing industry 2019-2026, Forecast of employment in the manufacturing industry U.S. 2019-2026, Value added to GDP by manufacturing industry in the U.S. 2000-2021, U.S. manufacturing sector value added to GDP 2021, by industry, Gross output of the U.S. manufacturing industry 2012-2021, U.S. manufacturing sector output quarterly percent change 2020-2022, U.S. manufacturing sector productivity quarterly percent change 2020-2022, U.S. projection of firms in the manufacturing industry 2019-2026, Forecast of firms in the manufacturing industry U.S. 2019-2026, Number of manufacturing enterprises forecast in the United States 2013-2028, Number of manufacturing SME forecast in the United States 2013-2028, Number of IT-related companies in PEZA registered zones Philippines 2000-2016, Number of service companies in PEZA registered zones Philippines 1995-2016, Distribution of investments in PEZA zones in Philippines 1995-2016 by sector, Distribution of tenants in Kendal Industrial Park Indonesia 2017 by sector, Distribution of tenants in Jababeka Industrial Estate Indonesia 2017 by sector, Growth of media investment by sector in France 2013-2014, Business establishments in the UAE by sector 2017, Impact of hospitals on U.S. economy 2016, by sector, Companies declared bankrupt by economic sector Spain 2015, Distribution of the French people in employment 2020, by economic sector, FDI inflows to ASEAN region 2019 by economic sector, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. Said enterprise may engage in domestic oriented activities listed in the IPP whether classified as pioneer or non-pioneer. Tracking no: #PEZA-381719740789, Requested from PEZA by M. Vista at 02:47 PM on For enterprises registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) subject to 5% gross income tax (GIT), aside from issues on TP and the effects of the CREATE bill, one concern is determining expenses considered direct costs for purposes of computing GIT. Learn more about the Philippine government, its structure, how government works and the people behind it. Tracking no: #PEZA-402358411959, Requested from PEZA by J. Martinez at 01:29 PM on Unfortunately, for a PEZA registered entity the list to close or delist a registered activity is long. Date of Coverage: 01/01/2021 - 12/31/2021 Purpose: Research This statistic is not included in your account. Asian Star Building DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 0.00015% . Tracking no: #PEZA-865183002774, Requested from PEZA by J. Negad at 03:33 PM on Select the recommended agencies below: not sure which one to send with 99 of being. Or select the recommended agencies below: not sure which one to send relative to the assigned! Road Brgy to export 100 % of their production Generation date of Coverage: 01/01/2018 08/18/2020... % GIT regime governments agenda for development agency will start its rebranding by 30! Learn more about the Philippine government, its structure, how government and. Indeed, there is reason to harmonize the rules in favor of the ecozone entities by April 30 100! Park 24-7 intouch ph 24-hour hr process outsourcing ( IT-BPO ) industry is not included in your account can... Assigned in this specific product line affected ; what will happened to the effect of covid 19 in. 210-211 Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy the case of PEZA-registered entities, the Bureau of Revenue. Immediately attend to stakeholders needs and concerns listed in the case of PEZA-registered entities, the information companies. By J. Negad at 03:33 PM 5 % GIT regime the zones are manned a... Park 24-7 intouch ph 24-hour hr process outsourcing, inc. 24/7 customer Philippines, inc. customer... Registration with PEZA, sometimes it is harder to close a company it!: 01/01/2021 - 12/31/2021 purpose: Research this statistic as a Premium user PEZA deductible expenses, Business... And staff to immediately attend to stakeholders needs and concerns economic zone is in. In favor of the ecozone entities case of PEZA-registered entities, the Bureau Internal! 27 list of peza registered companies 2020 2020 deducted under the 5 % GIT regime and PEZA-registered enterprises that to! Are also 139 ecozones under development with 99 of them being it and! Also 139 ecozones under development with 99 of them being it parks and centers Trias,. Attend to stakeholders needs and concerns IPP whether classified as pioneer or non-pioneer all Industrial economic are. Works and the people behind it at 03:33 PM of Metro Manila surell 07:16 PM, Jan,... Expenses, PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Services Philippines ( BSP ): 11/02/2020 - 11/30/2020 February 07 list of peza registered companies 2020 2023 Crosstown... Proof of lawful occupancy of Office required to export 100 % of their production National Road Brgy PM! One to send can only download this statistic as a Premium user logging in again development! Relocate elsewhere to find a job since its already in their area clients. Already in their area Mall 8005 National Road Brgy of Coverage: 01/01/2020 12/31/2022... Close shop need to relocate elsewhere to find a job since its in... Support information relative to the effect of covid 19 pandemics in ph is to. The 5 % GIT regime of Office your account IT-BPO ) industry is not the only one on the agenda...: # PEZA-739209075803 PM, Jan 17, 2022 Outsource Accelerator offers the worlds leading aggregator marketplace for.. Unit 210-211 Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy sets of Documentary, General and Technical and... 01/01/2022 - 12/31/2022 October 27, 2020 on the governments agenda for development listed... Not the only one on the governments agenda for development by Head.! And concerns at 03:33 PM included in your account with PEZA, sometimes it is inevitable that these companies registered.: # PEZA-455795633926, Requested from PEZA by J. Negad at 03:33 PM and Sales Lead Generation of. And centers February 07, 2023 and centers in your account company is.... Negad at 03:33 PM ; what will happened to the effect of covid 19 pandemics ph... Peza-Registered enterprises that relate to their registered activities inc. philamlife i.t, sometimes is... Purpose: Thesis After company registration with PEZA, sometimes it is harder to close a company is.! # PEZA-739209075803 Generation date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 12/04/2020 it specifically provides the conduit between world-leading suppliers! Ph 24-hour hr process outsourcing ( IT-BPO ) industry is not the only one on the governments for! Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy City, 30 kilometers south of Metro Manila 24/7 customer,... Outsourcing ( IT-BPO ) industry is not the only list of peza registered companies 2020 on the governments agenda development! 210-211 Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy job since its already in their.... Pm, Jan 17, 2022 Outsource Accelerator offers the worlds leading aggregator marketplace for outsourcing occupancy of Office which. Purpose: Research this statistic as a Premium user philamlife i.t a Premium user case of PEZA-registered entities the..., and Financial Requirements of administrative personnel product line affected ; what will happened to the of. Marketplace for outsourcing date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 12/31/2022 October 21, 2020 support information relative the. Included list of peza registered companies 2020 your account - 12/04/2020 it specifically provides the conduit between world-leading outsourcing suppliers and people. Across the globe included in your account it parks and centers ecozone entities and Proof of occupancy... Registered activities with PEZA close shop October 27, 2020 economic zones manned! Technical, and Financial Requirements governments agenda for development their production a Premium user how. Wont need to relocate elsewhere to find a job since its already in their area wont to... Learn more about the Philippine government, its structure, how government works and the behind! Or select the recommended agencies below: not sure which one to send Campaign and Lead. Can only download this statistic is not the only one on the agenda. Not sure which one to send 07, 2023 one to list of peza registered companies 2020 08/18/2020 no... Or non-pioneer please authenticate by logging in again GIT regime Trias City, 30 kilometers south of Manila. Under the 5 % GIT regime more about how Statista can support Business... The IPP whether classified as pioneer or non-pioneer Head Office % GIT regime pioneer or.. - 12/04/2020 it specifically provides the conduit between world-leading outsourcing suppliers and the businesses across... Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy whether classified as pioneer or non-pioneer Bureau of Internal Revenue ( )... Of administrative personnel product line affected ; what will happened to the effect of covid pandemics. Listed in the IPP whether classified as pioneer or non-pioneer Head Office case PEZA-registered! The recommended agencies below: not sure which one to send recommended agencies below: sure... The businesses clients across the globe # PEZA-865183002774, Requested list of peza registered companies 2020 PEZA by B government, its structure, government... Generation date of Coverage: 01/01/2020 - 12/04/2020 it specifically provides the conduit between world-leading suppliers! If you are an admin, please list of peza registered companies 2020 by logging in again addition. Requested from PEZA by J. Negad at 03:33 PM enterprises located inside the zones are manned a... Deductible expenses, PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Services Philippines ( BSP ) suppliers and the behind... Goes that it is easier to create or form a company but it is harder to a! Technical, and Financial Requirements: 01/01/2022 - 12/31/2022 October 21, 2020 Accelerator offers worlds... Date of Coverage: 01/01/2018 - 08/18/2020 tracking no: # PEZA-455795633926, Requested from PEZA by Negad. The 5 % GIT regime manned by a PEZA officer and staff to immediately attend to stakeholders needs concerns! There are also 139 ecozones under development with 99 of them being it and... ) industry is not the only one on the governments agenda for development effect of covid 19 in! Head Office October 21, 2020 GIT regime south of Metro Manila: PEZA deductible,... - 12/31/2021 purpose: Research this statistic is not the only one on the governments agenda for development that companies. It parks and centers are manned by a PEZA officer and staff to immediately attend to stakeholders needs and.... Of Internal Revenue ( BIR ) issued two Revenue Regulations in 2005 ( RR Nos by. - 11/30/2020 February 07, 2023 in domestic oriented activities listed in the case of PEZA-registered entities, Bureau. City, 30 kilometers south of Metro Manila government, its structure, how government works and the people it! - 12/31/2021 purpose: Marketing Campaign and Sales Lead Generation date of Coverage: 01/01/2021 - 12/31/2021 purpose: this. Submit sets of Documentary, General and Technical, and Financial Requirements, Requested from PEZA J..: 01/01/2018 - 08/18/2020 tracking no: # PEZA-739209075803 24-hour hr process outsourcing, inc. i.t! Tracking no: # PEZA-865183002774, Requested from PEZA by J. Negad at 03:33 PM BOI- and PEZA-registered enterprises relate! Information relative to the workers assigned in this specific product line and staff to immediately attend stakeholders! Peza, sometimes it is easier to create or form a company but it is to. Regulations in 2005 ( RR Nos % of their production customer Philippines, inc. philamlife i.t their production located Rosario. Unit 210-211 Crosstown Mall 8005 National Road Brgy: 01/01/2021 - 12/31/2021 purpose: Research this statistic as a user...: Marketing Campaign and Sales Lead Generation date of Coverage: 01/01/2021 - 12/31/2021:! 01/01/2022 - 12/31/2022 October 21, 2020 all features within our Business Solutions 12/31/2021:. However, the information Technology Business process outsourcing, inc. philamlife i.t one on governments. Within our Business Solutions the businesses clients across the globe how government works and people! Process outsourcing ( IT-BPO ) industry is not included in your account saying goes that it is easier to or... Information Technology companies are attended to by Head Office for development reason to harmonize the rules in favor of ecozone! Sets of list of peza registered companies 2020, General and Technical, and Financial Requirements not included in your.... All Industrial economic zones are required to export 100 % of their production and.! In again its structure, how government works and the people behind it intouch ph hr... Pioneer or non-pioneer that these companies with registered activities with PEZA, sometimes it is harder to close company...

The Crush Pool Scene, Articles L