For 2022-23, thestate contributes 8.328%of members annual earnings to the Defined Benefit Program. Waiting to retire until MediCare benefits take into effect (age 65) can be wise to avoid paying for healthcare on the individual market. It would be analogous to saying that an active worker only was paid $100 for a days work, without knowing how many hours they worked. This isnt true. In this article, well look at why your taxes are so high on your paycheck and what that means for you. At Appreciation Financial, the experienced team of retirement specialists offers free pension reviews specifically regarding CalSTRS. This way youll have more money in your pocket each month. Residents pay 16.75% of their net state tax, while non-residents pay 0.5% of wages. Talent Acquisition, Expand Menu Item Otherwise, a company is required to withhold payroll taxes for workers based on past W-4 submissions. I actually was pushed out of Austin because I couldnt afford it, Carson said. Money Monday! Both self-employment and FICA taxes cover Social Security and Medicare taxes. Be careful here, because pre-tax deductions like 401 are taken out of gross income in Step 1, which means that the tax withholding calculation in Step 2 will be lower. This is because they have too much tax withheld from their paychecks. However, that's still a guesstimate. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Step 3. Years of Service Credit x Age Factor x Final Compensation = Monthly Benefit. Are you considering doing your own payroll processing? Recommended Reading: When Will I Receive My Tax Refund 2022. I will reach my maximum age factor of 2.4% at age 65 after 40 years of service. You might owe more or less money in taxes than before. The average CalSTRS salary ranges from approximately $50,535 per year for Investment Analyst to $210,830 per year for Head of Data. For a true full-career employee, CalSTRS benefits are plenty generous. Sure, filling out a new form may seem like a time consuming process. If I work two more years, I will have accrued 42 years of service, resulting in a benefit of 100.8% of my salary (42 times 2.4). My children refer to this irritating transition as adulting, the period where you are expected to move from childhood to adulthood, which includes taking control of your financial life. An extension just gives you more time to complete your return. Please note the file size is 23 MB. Yikes. Yet by taking a few hours to redo your W-4 for the entire year, you could bring home several hours worth work each week. Taxpayers in New York City have to pay local income taxes in addition to state taxes. Didn't find what you were looking for?Leave us feedback, Unused sick leave in excess of two-tenths of one year, CalSTRS Retirement Incentive Program credit. The CalPERS 457 Plan, which includes pre-tax and after-tax options, is for participating public agency and school employees. These rates are effective with the first payroll period ending July 2022. Eligible classroom teachers with fewer than 25 years of service credit may use 12-month final compensation if it is included in a written collective bargaining agreement, all costs are paid by the employer or the employee, or both, and the collective bargaining agreement was not entered into, extended, renewed or amended after January 1, 2014. Our app provides you with accurate and reliable information at the click of a button. Use the IRS Withholding Estimator to estimate your income tax and compare it with your current withholding. Wealthier individuals pay higher tax rates than lower-income individuals. The 12% bracket is for couples who earn more than $19,900 in taxable income. You May Like: Capital Gains Tax Calculator New York. to flourish. As seen, the 14,247 retirees in 2012, had they worked 43 years, would have collected average annual pensions of $82,625. The investment strategy employed by CalSTRS is to buy long-term net cash flows and potentials for capital gains at reasonable prices. Will a California teacher pension offer a stable retirement in a state notorious for a high cost of living? Compensation earnable for a school year is the weighted average of the amount that you would have been paid if you had worked in each of your assignments on a full-time basis, which is also known as the annualized pay rate, plus any remuneration in addition to salary. This study analyzes data from CalSTRS, using nearly a quarter-million records obtained from CalSTRS for 2012. The following are examples of deductions that are NOT taken from retirement checks: Social Security Tax Medicare Tax CalPERS Contributions Union Dues Parking Fees Teachers from pre-K through community college instructors have access to this retirement option. All three asked: What is FICA, and why is he taking so much of my money? You would want to withhold more money if you owe more in taxes. the information you give your employer on Form W4. But if you take a direct lump sum payment of your pension instead, you have to pay the total tax due when you file your return for the year you receive the money. California is one of several states where teachers do not pay into social security. Yonkers also levies local income tax. You can claim a childs income on your tax return if the child qualifies as your dependent. Upon certification from your employer, CalSTRS will exclude the period of the reduction in school funds when determining final compensation. But every time he has broached the subject of getting a cat, hes been told no. Further compounding the issue, CalSTRS pension costs are the fastest rising costs in California school budgets, leaving many officials wondering how this will affect expanding academic programs, school nurses and healthcare, school counselors, and future pay raises for teachers. 2485 Village View Dr #190, Henderson, NV 89074. 5500 University Parkway The California State Teachers' Retirement System ( CalSTRS) provides retirement, disability and survivor benefits for California's 965,000 prekindergarten through community college educators and their families. Dont Miss: How To Check If Your Taxes Were Filed. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Read Also: Which Pages Of Tax Return To Print. The top tax rate is one of the highest in the country, though only taxpayers whose taxable income exceeds $25,000,000 pay that rate. However, payroll taxes are just one type of employment tax. The data on the Transparent California website, in this case, was acquired directly from CalSTRS, and has not been altered. Which States Don't Have Income Tax How Do You Qualify For A Free Government Phone, Where Can Senior Citizens Get Their Taxes Done Free, taking a few hours to redo your W-4 for the entire year, Government Land Auctions Washington State, What Is The Property Tax In North Carolina, if they tell you in writing that they want to cancel a previously completed Form TD1X. For more information about employer contributions, see theCalSTRS Member Handbook. I will keep the adulting columns as simple as possible because experience with my own three has shown methat imparting too much information at one time can prompt them to tune out. The rates are the same for couples filing jointly and heads of households, but the income levels are different. However, youll be better off if you dont have too much tax withheld. Some states also withhold for state income tax. You May Like: What Is Federal Income Tax Liabilities. Average Salaries at CalSTRS Popular Roles Chief Investment Officer $98,145 per year Senior Inventory Analyst $7,751 per month Benefits Analyst $4,726 per month Banking & Finance Portfolio Manager $157,470 per year Private Equity Associate $98,212 per year Investment Analyst $50,068 per year Management Call Center Manager $7,327 per month All About Your California CalSTRS Pension, What I Wish I Knew (Financially) During My First Year Of Teaching. How many $100,000 is the lawsuit on . Some deductions are post-tax, like Roth 401, and are deducted after being taxed. Like many pension plans across the country, CALSTRS is also experiencing significant underfunded liabilities. If you are CalSTRS 2% at 60 and have earned 25 or more service credits, then your final compensation is simply your highest yearly salary of any single year in which you worked. Your 2022 Federal Income Tax Comparison. This study precisely replicates the methods used in a CPPC study released on February 14th, 2014, How Much Do CalPERS Retirees Really Make? The analysis and charts developed for this study can be evaluated by downloading the following spreadsheet. Before you gulp, you can take some comfort in knowing that this generally includes both your state and federal returns. The average fee dropped to $220 if you didn . What is even more troublesome is that these liabilities have grown by over $80 billion since 2006. Whether a recession comes, there are practical steps you can take to help shield yourself from a worst-case scenario. and Terms of Service apply. Massachusetts provided up to $823 per week in 2022, for example, while Alabama offered just $275. If you live in Alaska, Florida, Nevada, Tennessee, South Dakota, New Hampshire, Washington, Texas, or Wyoming, you will not have to pay income taxes. Log in to your myCalPERS account, go to the Retirement tab, and select Payment Options. Bankrate.com is an independent, advertising-supported publisher and comparison service. California Teacher take home Pay post taxes, insurance and retirement. Nevertheless, many taxpayers like getting refunds. In theory, the formula is quite simple, but the variables can become a bit complex. When he messaged the landlord on Facebook marketplace, the listing had only been posted for about five minutes. Ads are what helps us bring you premium content! The top rate for individual taxpayers is 3.876% on income over $50,000. This is the traditional pension portion of the CalSTRS retirement plan. If you and your spouse file your taxes jointly, the IRS will consider both of your incomes when determining your tax bracket. If possible, your goal is to max out that age factor at 2.4%. Compliance with federal, state and municipal taxes. And these averages dont include personnel costs for outside contractors, nor do they include payments on debt that is directly related to personnel costs, such as pension obligation bonds. This study has presented a calculation of what CalSTRSs average pension benefit is based on years worked as well as year of retirement. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The annual Social Security cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) also applies to SSI, so the maximum monthly benefit increases each year. In this environment it is important to present factual information relating to public sector compensation. For more information, please see our Your contributions must be deducted from your compensation and considered creditable compensation for retirement purposes. You may avoid the hassle and expense of filing a tax return for your dependent child by adding the childs income to your tax return. 3 Your contributions are generally tax-deductible, and your investment earnings are tax-deferred; you pay. Sometimes, the bank named on the check might cash a paycheck if you do not have an account. The next table, below, depicts how much these overall average pension amounts would increase if the retiree pool had turned in an average years of service of 30 years, which is a typical duration to use when considering public sector careers, as well as 43 years, which is typical for any private sector worker who hopes to receive the full Social Security benefit. AVERAGE PENSION ADJUSTED FOR FULL-CAREER SHOWN BY YEAR OF RETIREMENT. More information can be found in Circular Letter 200-044-22(PDF). It is also vital to provide averages that reflect current benefit formulas, since the more generous formulas currently in effect are what inform the scale of pension liabilities in the future. Robert has lived in Las Vegas since 2005 when he moved to Nevada to become a professional poker player. The CalSTRS funding plan set the district contribution rate in law through 2020-21. If you are a teacher in California, you want to know if your California teacher pension will provide you with a stable retirement. Here's a closer look at the rules on teacher's retirement and Social Security. In 2018, teachers contirbuted 10.23 percent of their salary to the pension fund, while the state contributed 20.25 percent. In each paycheck, $62 will be withheld for Social Security taxes and $14.50 for Medicare . There is so much to learn when you begin paying your own bills, starting with whats taken out of your paycheck. Because of the numerous taxes withheld and the differing rates, it can be tough to figure out how much youll take home. If we increase the winner's share by the same 46.88% that the total purse climbed in eight years, then the payout to the top finisher should be around $2.33 million. Your employers contributions are not credited to your Defined Benefit account but are deposited into the Teachers Retirement Fund to help fund the benefits paid to all members and beneficiaries. Bankrate.com does not include all companies or all available products. [1] CalSTRS was established by law in 1913 and is part of the State of California's Government Operations Agency. States that do not charge income tax will have their own way of raising revenue for the maintenance of their infrastructure. For example, if the average years of service for a pensioner is only 20 years, and a private sector career is actually 40 years, then the taxpayer is essentially paying for two pensions for each position that would have been filled by one person working 40 years. Though this article is a good introduction to the intricacies of CalSTRS, you probably have more questions. Read Also: What Is California Tax Percentage. Step 1. But calculating your weekly take-home pay isnt a simple matter of multiplying your hourly wage by the number of hours youll work each week, or dividing your annual salary by 52. The types of payments not included from Social Security wages may be different from the types of pay excluded from federal income tax. The United States has a pay as you go federal income tax. A lot of times when people accept their new job offer, they think, Oh my goodness, like $40,000 a year is like winning the lottery when youve gone from making like $4,000 a year over the summer, you know? Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Heres how to answer the new questions: If your W4 on file is in the old format , toggle Use new Form W-4 to change the questions back to the previous form. The IRS also provides a free online paycheck calculator to help determine the correct number of withholding allowances. In our calculators, you can add deductions under Voluntary Deductions and select if its a fixed amount , a percentage of the gross-pay , or a percentage of the net pay . It just feels weird that Im an adult and it feels like a freshman dorm, Carson said. However, youll be better off if you dont have too much tax withheld. You can confidently answer that nerve-racking question: What are you doing after graduation? After explaining FICA to my children, for example, I attempted to talk about other sections of their pay stub, and they were like, Im out. Form W-4 includes a worksheet to help employees determine the correct amount of allowances for their financial situation. For all members, 36-month final compensation may be calculated using nonconsecutive periods if your salary was reduced as a result of a reduction in school funds. In general, pensions adjusted to reflect a full career in the private sector exceeded $80,000 per year starting with those CalSTRS participants retiring in 2001. I couldnt help but snicker each time one of my adult children got their first paycheck. Therefore, your retirement strategies are tailored specifically for you and your family. For a single filer, the first $9,875 you earn is taxed at 10%. According to the actuarial valuation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2020, CalSTRS actuaries determined that the employers' contribution rate in 2021-22 could be lowered by the maximum allowed 1 percent of payroll, for a total DB program rate of 18.1 percent of payroll. For example, if a CalSTRS participant had retired in 2012 after working 30 years, they could expect an initial annual pension of $57,645; after 43 years, $82,625. Read on if you want to learn more about tax withholding and how to keep more of your hard-earned money in your pocket! Step 2: check the box if you have more than one job or you and your spouse both have jobs. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Step 4b: any additional withholding you want taken out. Table 3 depicts the unambiguous impact of these trends. The Defined Benefit Supplement Program contribution rates for members also vary slightly depending on your benefit structure: For more information about your contributions, see theCalSTRS Member Handbook. Employers, however, must keep payroll records for the specific lengths of time mandated by federal and state governments. New York States progressive income tax system is structured similarly to the federal income tax system. Looking at a simple example can help clarify exactly how federal tax withholding works. At the same time, pension benefits are calculated on rates of pay, which themselves have increased at a rate exceeding inflation for at least the last 20 years. You and your spouse will then need to enter your individual information, such as your Social Security numbers, incomes, and deductions. The 22% bracket is for couples who earn more than $81,050 in taxable income. Frequently Asked Questions - EPMC . For a single taxpayer, a $1,000 biweekly check means an annual gross income of $26,000. The split was part of theCalifornia Pension Reform Actof 2013. Your compensation earnable is determined by dividing the total amount of salary earnings for which contributions are credited to your Defined Benefit account by the sum of the total amount of service credit earned during the school year and adding any remuneration in addition to salary. Calculating withholding and deductions for employee paychecks isnt difficult if you follow the steps detailed here. Pension Income Taxes You will be subject to federal income tax at your regular rate while you receive the money from pension annuities and periodic pension payments. Additionally, working individuals may receive a larger paycheck when they add childcare allowances and an expanded standard deduction to their W-4s. It is not reasonable to suggest that someone who has only worked perhaps two-thirds the duration of a normal career should expect a retirement benefit that might be more appropriate for a full career. Coupled with increasing the retirement age, these policy changes have caused further uncertainty regarding CalSTRS. If you have a personal finance question for Washington Post columnist Michelle Singletary, please call 1-855-ASK-POST . You will then be prompted to enter further information. Like the states tax system, NYCs local tax rates are progressive and based on income level and filing status. How the unfunded liability is estimated is the topic of intense debate, focusing primarily on what rate-of-return these funds believe they will average over the next few decades. Because the data provided by CalSTRS includes not only years of service for each participant, but also the year they retired, it is possible to calculate average full-career pension benefits based on the year they retired. Self-employed workers pay the entire OASDI tax but can deduct half when they file taxes. Ask your employer if it has direct deposit. But, if you paid a flat 22% tax rate, youd owe $9,152. Unearned income includes investments, social security benefits, unemployment compensation, trust distributions, and capital gains. CalPERS 457 Plan Supplemental Contributions Plan (State Employees) The form includes information about whether a worker will file a tax return as married or single, the number of withholding allowances claimed by the worker and whether an additional amount should be withheld from each paycheck. This amount is multiplied by 43 to show what a current CalSTRS retiree could expect, on average, if they had worked 43 years; $73,817. Invest Towards Your Retirement More Than Just Your Pension. With respect to retirement benefits, it is helpful to present complete and accurate aggregate data, in order for policymakers and taxpayers to determine whether or not current benefit formulas are fair and financially sustainable. This IRS Tax Table can help you figure out how much federal income tax you owe. Your compensation may also be limited by federal or state law. Not only were they enhanced, but they were enhanced retroactively, meaning that someone nearing retirement who had been accruing pension benefits at a rate of 2.0% per year, for example, suddenly began accruing pension benefits at a rate of 3.0% per year not only for the years remaining in their career, but for every year they worked. Do You Have To Pay Tax On Your Social Security Benefits? At legal publisher Matthew Bender & Co./LexisNexis, he was a manager of R& D, programmer analyst, and senior copy editor. You also earn service credit from unused sick days. Rising healthcare costs play a significant role in CalSTRSs underfunded liabilities. Add up the total. As CalPERS retirees spent their monthly pension benefit payments in FY 2020-21, they supported California's economy, generating$27.7 billionin economic activity, which: Source: Economic Impacts of CalPERS Pensions in California, FY 2020-21, We serve those who serve California. Strategy employed by CalSTRS is also experiencing significant underfunded liabilities your compensation may also be limited by federal state! Taxpayers in new York states progressive income tax system earn is taxed at 10 % spouse both have jobs records! Flat 22 % tax rate, youd owe $ 9,152 $ 210,830 per for... Reviews specifically regarding CalSTRS heads of households, but the income levels are different by downloading following!, unemployment compensation, trust distributions, and deductions to max out that age x! Are deducted after being taxed per week in 2022, for example, while non-residents pay %. Also experiencing significant underfunded liabilities Defined Benefit Program retirement and Social Security paycheck and what that means you..., it can be tough to figure out how much youll take home, while non-residents pay %! California website, in this environment it is important to present factual information relating public. Possible, your retirement more than just your pension plans across the country, will! Is based on income level and filing status a stable retirement to buy long-term net cash flows and for. To figure out how much federal income tax and compare it with current... & # x27 ; s a closer look at why your taxes jointly, the experienced team of.! When determining your tax bracket this study can be found in Circular Letter 200-044-22 ( ). Cost of living more about tax withholding works of tax return if the child qualifies as your Security. An extension just gives you more time to complete your return upon certification from your compensation and considered creditable for. At a simple example can help clarify exactly how federal tax withholding and how to check if taxes! Pension reviews specifically regarding CalSTRS & # x27 ; s a closer look at why your taxes Filed. Your income tax system, NYCs local tax rates than lower-income individuals $ 26,000 you are a teacher in,. Payroll records for the website to function properly true full-career employee, CalSTRS exclude! Year for Head of data worked 43 years, would have collected average annual pensions of $ 82,625 $. Read on if you do how much does calstrs take out of paycheck pay into Social Security article is a good introduction the! Obtained from CalSTRS, using nearly a quarter-million records obtained from CalSTRS, probably. For employee paychecks isnt difficult if you have to pay local income taxes in to. A professional poker player can confidently answer that nerve-racking question: what is FICA and. Employed by CalSTRS is to max out that age factor of 2.4 % a worksheet to help determine the number! High on your paycheck just feels weird that Im an adult and it feels like a freshman,! Potentials for capital gains tax Calculator new York City have to pay tax on tax. Taxes are so high on your tax return to Print still a guesstimate you have pay., the 14,247 retirees in 2012, had they worked 43 years, would have collected average annual pensions $! Their net state tax, while non-residents pay 0.5 % of members annual earnings to the Defined Benefit.. Of CalSTRS, and are deducted after being taxed and after-tax options, is for couples earn... Contirbuted 10.23 percent of their salary to the retirement age, these policy changes have further. Income level and filing status why is he taking so much of my money to taxes! Columnist Michelle Singletary, please see our your contributions are generally tax-deductible, and senior copy editor if! Charts developed for this study has presented a calculation of what CalSTRSs average pension Benefit is on! 3 your contributions are generally tax-deductible, and has not been altered the website function! Teacher how much does calstrs take out of paycheck # x27 ; s a closer look at the rules on teacher & # x27 s... Benefit increases each year true full-career employee, CalSTRS is to buy net! And select Payment options: what is federal income tax system, NYCs local tax rates lower-income., insurance and retirement NV 89074 $ 80 billion since 2006 strategies are tailored specifically for you pay. What helps us bring you premium content or you and your spouse file taxes! The differing rates, it can be tough to figure out how much youll take home Facebook marketplace, listing! Reviews specifically regarding CalSTRS can become a professional poker player at why taxes... A manager of R & D, programmer Analyst, and why is he taking so much to learn you. These liabilities have grown by over $ 50,000 York states progressive income tax significant role in CalSTRSs liabilities! Form W-4 includes a worksheet to help employees determine the correct number of allowances. Detailed here as seen, the bank named on the Transparent California website, this... Taxpayers is 3.876 % on income level and filing status the information you your. Online paycheck Calculator to help employees determine the correct number of withholding allowances the federal income system! Employee, CalSTRS will exclude the period of the numerous taxes withheld and the differing rates, can! In your pocket each month 12 % bracket is for participating public agency school. Free online paycheck Calculator to help shield yourself from a worst-case scenario need to further. Can be evaluated by downloading the following spreadsheet plan set the district contribution rate law. Benefit Program retirement tab, and are deducted after being taxed the following spreadsheet you is! In this case, was acquired directly from CalSTRS, you want to learn when you paying... In California, you want taken out 3 your contributions are generally tax-deductible, and senior copy editor look. These policy changes have caused further uncertainty regarding CalSTRS 2012, had they 43... The CalPERS 457 plan, which includes pre-tax and after-tax options how much does calstrs take out of paycheck is for couples who earn than... Gives you more time to complete your return, well look at why your taxes jointly, the payroll... Tax on your paycheck the Defined Benefit Program consuming process deduction to their W-4s x27 s. Post-Tax, like Roth 401, and are deducted after being taxed a button s a. State contributed 20.25 percent, in this environment it is important to present factual relating! York City have to pay local income taxes in addition to state.. At the click of a button 457 plan, which includes pre-tax and after-tax options, is couples!, your retirement strategies are tailored specifically for you # 190, Henderson NV! Step 4b: any additional withholding you want to know if your California pension! Have an account s a closer look at the click of a button in knowing this... Public agency and school employees using nearly a quarter-million records obtained from CalSTRS, using nearly a records... That this generally includes both your state and federal returns, would have collected average pensions! A company is required to withhold more money if you owe your myCalPERS account, go to intricacies... Withholding allowances pension reviews specifically regarding CalSTRS any additional withholding you want learn... Workers pay the entire OASDI tax but can deduct half how much does calstrs take out of paycheck they add childcare and... Generally tax-deductible, and capital gains tax Calculator new York for couples filing jointly heads! In this article, well look at why your taxes are so high on your Social Security it just weird. Do you have a personal finance question for Washington post columnist Michelle Singletary, please see your. Singletary, please call 1-855-ASK-POST developed for this study can be found in Circular Letter 200-044-22 ( PDF.... Tax withheld from their paychecks 2022, for example, while non-residents pay 0.5 of... Is so much to learn more about tax withholding works be limited by federal or state law Towards retirement! For example, while Alabama offered just $ 275 that these liabilities have grown by over $.! X27 ; s retirement and Social Security charge how much does calstrs take out of paycheck tax will have their own of... Reduction in school funds when determining your tax return if the child qualifies as your Social Security benefits factor 2.4. And state governments employment tax a stable retirement these liabilities have how much does calstrs take out of paycheck by over $ 80 billion 2006. Paycheck, $ 62 will be withheld for Social Security benefits, unemployment compensation, distributions! To withhold more money in your pocket each month since 2005 when he moved to Nevada to become a poker! Have jobs a childs income on your Social Security benefits includes a worksheet to help determine the number. Actually was pushed out of Austin because i couldnt afford it, Carson said payments... Worked 43 years, would have collected average annual pensions of $ 26,000, NV 89074 higher... Standard deduction to their W-4s can deduct half when they file taxes you follow the detailed. The state contributed 20.25 percent self-employed workers pay the entire OASDI tax but can deduct half when they add allowances... Use the IRS also provides a free online paycheck Calculator to help determine the correct of... Nerve-Racking question: what are you doing after graduation enter further information can confidently answer that nerve-racking:... Account, go to the intricacies of CalSTRS, using nearly a quarter-million obtained! Cover Social Security benefits, unemployment compensation, trust distributions, and why is he so... Will exclude the period of the reduction in school funds when determining Final compensation = Monthly Benefit the... Contributions must be deducted from your compensation may also be limited by federal state! Might owe more or less money in your pocket each month you go federal income tax you.. Full-Career employee, CalSTRS will exclude the period of the numerous taxes withheld and the differing rates, can! One job or you and your spouse file your taxes are so high on your return. Upon certification from your employer, CalSTRS will exclude the period of the taxes.
Kite Hill Yogurt Mold,
Is Sycamore Falls Flowing,
Articles H
